Ontogenetic diet shift in the June sucker Chasmistes liorus (Cypriniformes,Catostomidae) in the early juvenile stage

Kreitzer JD, Belk MC, Gonzalez DB, Tuckfield RC, Shiozawa DK, Rasmussen JE. Ontogenetic diet shift in the June sucker Chasmistes liorus (Cypriniformes, Catostomidae) in the early juvenile stage.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 433–438. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Ontogenetic diet shifts are common in fishes and often occur during early life stages. The larval and early juvenile period is critical in the life cycle of the endangered June sucker, Chasmistes liorus (Teleostei: Catostomidae). High larval and juvenile mortality leads to low recruitment to the breeding population and hence a declining natural population. To understand diet composition and dynamics in June sucker at early life stages, diet was quantified and compared to available food items in the natural environment during the early juvenile stage. Rotifers (Brachionus sp.) were the primary diet item at week 10, but by week 12 a small cyclopoid copepod (Microcyclops rubellus) became predominant. Availability of diet items varied little across the experimental period. The increase in size of young suckers may explain this rapid dietary shift, but there are some inconsistencies with the size selection argument. This diet shift represents an important nutritional change that should be considered in development of diets for young June sucker and in assessing suitability of nursery habitats.     

Enriching rotifers with “premium” microalgae. Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO

The effect of semi-continuous culture on the nutritional value of microalgae was tested in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in short-term enrichment experiments. Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO was cultured semi-continuously with renewal rates from 10 to 50% of the volume of the culture per day and used to feed the rotifers. After 24 h, dramatic differences in dry weight and protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents were observed in the rotifers depending on the renewal rate applied to the microalgal culture. Rotifers fed T-ISO cultured with low renewal rates showed low dry weight and organic content, whereas rotifers fed microalgae from nutrient-sufficient, high renewal rate cultures showed higher dry weight and increases up to 60% in protein, 35% in lipid and 100% in carbohydrate contents. Feed conversion rate (FCR) and organic FCR decreased with increasing renewal rates, indicating a more efficient assimilation of the microalgal biomass obtained at high growth rates. The fatty acid profile of rotifers reflected that of T-ISO, with maximum content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-3 fatty acids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) being found in the rotifers fed microalgae from the renewal rate of 40%. Results demonstrate that the biochemical composition of B. plicatilis is strongly modified through the use of semi-continuous cultures of microalgae in short-term enrichment processes. This technique provides an excellent tool to improve the nutritional value of the live feed used in fish larvae cultures.     

饵料和日采收率对轮虫生长繁殖的影响

采用10种饵料，不同日采收率进行试验，通过观察轮虫的密度和怀卵率变化，比较饵料，日采收率对轮虫生长繁殖的影响。结果表明：（1）采用酵母，光合细菌和小球藻混合饵料，轮虫的密度和怀卵率比单独使用酵母高，轮虫的密度差异极显著（P＜0．01），怀卵率差异显著（P＜0．05）。投喂第6种饵料时轮虫达到的密度最高，最高密度达2123个/mL，怀卵率也最高，最高达59．9％，轮虫怀卵率高低提前反映轮虫密度的变化。（2）采用酵母，光合细菌和小球藻混合饵料，酵母的不同用量对轮虫密度有极显著影响（P＜0．01），酵母最适投喂率为2．0。（3）日采收率20％对提高轮虫培养的密度和怀卵率有显著作用，明显高于10％（P＜0．01）。     

沿海混盐水体褶皱臂尾轮虫的复合类群及其种群动态

于 2002年 7月至 12月对大连一沿海混盐水体中褶皱臂尾轮虫复合类群的种类组成和种群动态进行了研究。根据轮虫被甲的形态特点和测量结果, 鉴定出该复合类群中的 5个轮虫同胞物种: Bra chionusplicatilisYamamoto、B plicatilisMüller、B rotundiformisTschugunoff、B ibericusDalian、B hepato tomusDalian, 它们分属于L、SS和SM三大类群。对轮虫种群季节分布的研究结果表明, 该水体中褶皱臂尾轮虫复合类群的种群分布符合重叠模型假说, 通过应用灰色系统理论, 拟合计算出不同轮虫种群的增长率。文中讨论了轮虫复合类群形成的原因, 以及水体中生态因子对轮虫分布的影响。此外,文中还给出了这 5种轮虫形态分类的Fisher判别方程。     

聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫的毒性效应

通过聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫Brachionus plicatilis幼体的急性、慢性毒性试验,研究了聚维酮碘对轮虫存活、生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫幼体的24 h LC50为2.25 mg/L,48 h LC50为1.99 mg/L,应用Turubell公式得出其安全浓度为0.47 mg/L;褶皱臂尾轮虫的平均存活时间、总生殖量、平均生殖次数和每次生殖个数均随聚维酮碘浓度的升高而减少,产前发育期则随浓度的升高而延长,其中0.5 mg/L高浓度组的这些种群增长参数与对照组及其他各浓度组间均有显著性差异(P0.05);内禀增长率(rm)、净增值率(R0)和周限增长率(λ)随浓度的升高而降低,世代周期(T)则随浓度的升高而升高,其中0.5 mg/L高浓度组的rm、λ、T与对照组及其他各浓度组间有显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,0.1 mg/L低浓度聚维酮碘对褶皱臂尾轮虫的存活、产前发育时间影响不大,即与对照组无显著性差异(P0.05),但对其种群增长、繁殖有显著影响(P0.05)。     

温度和食物对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及繁殖的影响

本试验设3个温度（20、25和30℃）和3个食物浓度（1×106、10×106和20×106 cells/mL）,研究不同温度和不同食物浓度对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及繁殖的影响。试验期为10 d。结果表明,最大种群密度均随温度和食物浓度的升高而先增加后减少。温度为25℃食物浓度为10×106 cells/mL时,最大种群密度为74.39±1.81 ind/mL,与其他组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。随温度升高,轮虫的最大种群密度高峰值出现的时间也呈现逐渐前移的趋势,最大种群增长率则随温度和食物浓度的增加而升高。温度30℃食物20×106 cells/mL时,最大种群增长率为0.70±0.013,与其他组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。食物浓度对轮虫的怀卵率有显著影响,在同一温度下最大怀卵率随食物浓度的升高而增大,食物为20×106 cells/mL的最大怀卵率为56.43±1.07%,与其他浓度组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。在本试验条件下,温度和食物对褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长及繁殖均有显著影响。温度25℃食物浓度10×106 cells/mL为培养条件的最优组合。     

两品系褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及投喂河蟹苗效果的研究

采用实验生态学方法对两品系褶皱臂尾轮虫(内蒙品系和盘锦品系)的种群增长和投喂蟹苗的效果进行了比较研究。结果表明,两品系轮虫的种群增长差异不显著,两者平均瞬时增长率分别为0.42 d-1和0.40 d-1。在投喂蟹苗的效果方面,褶皱臂尾轮虫内蒙品系好于盘锦品系。用内蒙品系轮虫投喂的蟹苗,幼体变态至大眼幼体的存活率为71.65%,用盘锦品系轮虫投喂的蟹苗,变态至大眼幼体的存活率为62.50%。     

光合细菌配合面包酵母与藻粉培养轮虫的实验

以面包酵母与一定量螺旋藻粉培养褶皱臂尾轮虫的过程中，添加光合细菌液进行实验。结果表明：光合细菌作为辅助性饵料，对轮虫的生长具有明显特殊的促进作用。4组实验显示：投喂适宜量光合细菌轮虫增殖明显加快，但与光合细菌添加量的增加不完全呈正比关系；投喂光合细菌新鲜培养液与老培养液轮虫增殖效果相近；投喂光合细菌只能作为辅助性饵料。当配合酵母、藻粉培育轮虫时，3者在饵料上起到了良好的互补作用，培养效果最佳。     

Production, disinfection and evaluation for aquaculture applications of rotifer resting eggs from Bohai Bay, P.R. of China

The dynamics of resting egg production of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis originating from a wild population in the Tanggu Saltworks (P.R. China) was investigated. In the natural environment as well as in semi-controlled rearing conditions an increased resting egg production was noticed with declining food availability. Processed resting eggs had a hatching efficiency of 3 x 10 6 rotifers per gramme irrespective of their origin. Hatching started 22 h after the initiation of incubation and was completed after 36 h. Rotifers obtained from resting eggs could be further cultured on Culture Selco® and enriched with Super Selco®. The fatty acid profile of these rotifers were not divergent from reference rotifers (originating from the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Centre) demonstrating that this strain was not catabolizing essential fatty acids and could be used for enrichment purposes. Storage of resting eggs at 4°C resulted in a 50% lower hatching after 1 year but remained stable during the next 2 years. The resting eggs used for storage could easily be disinfected without affecting their hatching characteristics. These results indicate that this material could be used as inocula for mass cultures of live food for commercial hatcheries.     

Possible applications of modern fish larviculture technology to ornamental fish production

There has been rapid development in the marine foodfishlarviculture technology in Europe since the early eighties,especially in the flat fish, turbot and halibut, and the bass andbream species. The most significant improvements in the eightieswere the introduction of light control, artificial reproductiontechniques, appropriate water treatment and the use of rotifersand Artemia nauplii of specific sizes and in the late eightiesand early nineties the quality enhancement of live food organismsusing specific enrichment techniques. Present research is focusedon the implementation of several microbial techniques to improvethe hygiene of live prey and fish.Many of the modern larviculture techniques being used in marine foodfish could be adapted for application in the ornamental fish industry. For examples, research in the Onamental Fish Section, Primary Production Department, Singapore has demonstrated that the use of freshwater rotifers and Artemia nauplii would enable artificial rearing of Discus in the absence of the parent fish and improve the larval performance of Gouramis and Tetra larvae. The use of such small live food organisms is likely to facilitate breeding of new fish species with small larvae. Research has also indicated that the use of diets containing vitamin C and certain immuno-stimulants improved the stress resistance of guppy. Such techniques would have important application in the fish transport, an important aspect in the ornamental fish industry